• What is a citation?
• Why cite?
• What do you need to cite?
• How do you cite?
• APA
• MLA
• Chicago / Turabian
• How do you cite internet sources?
• How do you cite if you use a library database?
• How do you cite in specific fields?
• Bibliographies, Footnotes, Endnotes and References
• What is an annotated bibliography?

What is a citation?
A citation identifies for the reader the source of the origin for an idea, information or image which is referred to in a work. A basic citation includes the author, title and publication information for the source. Other elements are added to help the reader find the original work.

Example: Book Citation Barreca, Regina. They used to call me Snow White…but I drifted: women's strategic use of humor. New York: Viking, 1991. Article Citation Kuska, B. “A tale of too witty? Using whimsy to name fringe genes. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1998 Oct; 89 (19): 1396-7

Why cite?

• Give credit to your sources. Be fair to other authors. Ideas or information which you take from another author or source should be acknowledged through your citations.

  Avoiding Plagiarism Indiana University-What it is and How to Avoid it UC Davis-Avoiding Plagiarism, Mastering the Art of Scholarship University of Alberta-A Faculty Guide to Cyber-Plagiarism OWL at Purdue University Avoiding Plagiarism

• Give yourself credit. When you cite your sources, you show evidence of your own research.
• Give your reader the opportunity to build on your work. Readers may want to follow-up on some of your source material. A good citation will enable a reader to find this material more easily.

What do you need to cite?
In general:

• Quoting. Are you quoting two or more consecutive words from a source? Then the original source should be cited and the words or phrase placed in quotes. Use quotes when you want to convey to the reader the language of the original text.
• Paraphrasing. If an idea or information comes from another source, even if you put it in your own words, you still should credit the source. Be careful when you paraphrase to reflect your own writing style, not the original author.
• General Knowledge vs. Unfamiliar Knowledge. You do not need to cite material which is accepted common knowledge. You would not have to cite the fact that Big Ben was in London, but you would have to cite little known facts about Big Ben, e.g. dimensions of the tower, who it was named after. If in doubt whether your information is common knowledge or not, cite it.
• Formats. When we think of citing sources, we usually think of books and articles. However, if you use material from web sites, films, music, laboratory manuals, lecture notes, special application software, graphs, tables, etc… you will also need to cite these sources.

  For more on when to cite:

• University of British Columbia Writing Centre
• Dartmouth - Sources

How do you Cite?
Different fields have different conventions for citing sources. Always check with your instructor to see what citation format is appropriate for your course. The most common citation formats are: APA (American Psychological Association); MLA (Modern Language Association) and the Chicago Manual of Style or Turabian. Some of the other formatting conventions are listed after the brief descriptions for these three styles. Whichever style you choose, be sure to be consistent and include all of the information you need to document your source.

In Brief in text references (see below for more detailed references):

APA
Author-date
Barreca (1991) states that “For women, humor occupies a different space emotionally than it does for men.

“For women, humor occupies a different space emotionally than it does for men” (Barreca, 1991).

MLA
Author-page
Barreca states that “For women, humor occupies a different space emotionally than it does for men” (11).

“For women, humor occupies a different space emotionally than it does for men” (Barreca11)

CHICAGO/Turabian
Footnote entry
  1Regina Barreca, They Used to Call Me Snow White…But I Drifted: women's strategic use of humor. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1991),11.

For more examples:

• MLA STYLE GUIDE: Extensive use of examples from Willamette’s Mark O. Hatfield Library
• APA STYLE GUIDE: Examples from Willamette’s Mark O. Hatfield Library
• Chicago/Turabian Documentation: Examples from UW Madison Writing Center Writer’s Handbook

Citing a Book and an Article in the References section. APA. American Psychological Association. Used in Nursing, social sciences, education, psychology A citation style which uses parentheses in text (author-date) instead of footnotes or endnotes, this format is popular in those disciplines where the date of the work, its currency, is significant to the reading of the text. Sources are listed at the end of the text in a section called References. References Books Kidner, J. (1972). The Kidner Report: a statistical look at bureaucracy at the   paper clip and stapler level. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books. Articles Heydt-Stevenson, J. (2000). “Slipping into the Ha-Ha”: bawdy humor and body   politics in Jane Austen’s novels. Nineteenth-Century Literature, 55 (3), 309-340. For more information: APA Style | Electronic References Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Ref BF76.7 P83 2001 (at Ref Desk) Check these sites for additional examples of APA format: UA Library: Citation Guide APA STYLE GUIDE: Examples from Willamette’s Mark O. Hatfield Library OWL at Purdue University: Using APA Format

Citing a Book and an Article in a Works Cited Section MLA. Modern Language Association. Used in the humanities MLA uses the author’s last name and a page reference parenthetically placed in the text rather than footnotes or endnotes. Unlike APA, which is used in subject areas where the timeliness of the information is often critical, disciplines which use MLA can often cite works which are not current. Sources listed at the end of the text are in a section called Works Cited. Works Cited Books Kidner, John. The Kidner Report: a Satirical Look at Bureaucracy at the   Paper Clip and Stapler Level. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books, 1971. Articles Heydt-Stevenson, Jill. “Slipping into the Ha-Ha”: Bawdy Humor and Body   Politics in Jane Austen’s Novels.” Nineteenth Century Literature 55 (3) (2000): 309-340. For more information: MLA Style MLA Handbook for writers of research papers. 6th ed. 2003 Ref LB 2369 G53 2003B Check these sites for additional examples on how to use MLA: UA Library: Citation Guide: University of Arizona Quick Reference for MLA: Western Libraries OWL at Purdue University: Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format

Citing a Book and an Article in a Bibliography Chicago Manual of Style Used in the professional world of publishing for all subject areas. Two styles of documentation are allowed in this style, but footnotes or endnotes with a bibliography is more common. The other option is parenthetical reference/reference list similar to APA. If using footnotes/endnotes, the first time a source is used as an endnote, it is given a full citation. Subsequent citations are abbreviated. The endnote cites the author’s name first name and then family name. Notes at the bottom of page are footnotes, at the end of the text are called endnotes. In the bibliography, the author’s family name is first. Book: Bibliography: Kidner, John. The Kidner Report: a Satirical Look at Bureaucracy at the Paper   Clip and Stapler Level. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books, 1972.   Note:   1John Kidner. The Kidner Report: a Satirical Look at Bureaucracy at the Paper Clip and Stapler Level. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books, 1972. Article: Bibliography: Heydt-Stevenson, Jill. “Slipping into the Ha-Ha”: Bawdy Humor and Body Politics   in Jane Austen’s Novels,” Nineteenth-Century Literature 55, Issue 3 (2000): 309-340.   Note:   1Jill Heydt-Stevenson, “Slipping into the Ha-Ha”:Bawdy Humor and Body Politics in Jane Austen’s Novels,” Nineteenth-Century Literature 55, Issue 3 (2000): 314. For more information: Chicago Manual of Style 15th Edition Online See also : The Chicago Manual of Style - Tools Chicago Manual of Style (print) 15th ed. 2003. Ref Z253 U69 2003 Check these sites for additional examples of Chicago format: UA Library: Citation Guide: University of Arizona Quick Reference Guide to the Chicago Manual of Style: Western Libraries UW-Madison writing center writer's handbook: Chicago/Turabian Documentation

Citing a book and an article in a Bibliography Turabian: A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations: Chicago style for students and researchers. Based on the Chicago Manual of Style, this style is recommended for student papers in many subject areas. Used in history and theology. Like CHICAGO, the first time a source is used as an endnote, it is given a full citation. Subsequent citations are abbreviated. The endnote cites the author’s name first name and then family name. Notes at the bottom of page are footnotes, at the end of the text are called endnotes. In the bibliography, where all of the sources are listed, the author’s family name is first. Remember: in this style, indent the second line of the citation 5 spaces. Generally considered notes style of citation where footnotes are used at the end of the page, but this style also has provisions for author-date documentation with reference. Book: Bibliography: Kidner, John. The Kidner Report: a Satirical Look at Bureaucracy at the Paper   Clip and Stapler Level. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books, 1972. Footnote:   1John Kidner. The Kidner Report: a Satirical Look at Bureaucracy at the Paper Clip and Stapler Level. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books, 1972. Article: Bibliography: Heydt-Stevenson, Jill. “Slipping into the Ha-Ha”: Bawdy Humor and Body Politics   in Jane Austen’s Novels,” Nineteenth-Century Literature 55, Issue 3 (2000): 309-340. First Note:   1Jill Heydt-Stevenson, ““Slipping into the Ha-Ha:Bawdy Humor and Body Politics in Jane Austen’s Novels,” Nineteenth-Century Literature 55, Issue 3 (2000): 314. For more information: Turabian, Kate L. A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations: Chicago style for students and researchers.. 7th ed. 2007 Ref LB 2369 T8 2007 Check these sites for additional examples of Turabian format: Turabian Examples Samples for a Bibliography: Ithaca College Library UW-Madison writing center writer's handbook: Chicago/Turabian Documentation

How do you cite an internet source?
(Remember standards are still evolving)

APA
Author. (Publication date). Title. Retrieval statement: complete URL

Avery, S., & Masciadrelli, J. (2003, April) Peep Research: A study of small
	fluffy creatures and library usage. April 2003. Retrieved June 21, 2003 from http://www.millikin.edu/staley/fluff/peep_research.html

For more information:

• APA Style | Electronic References
• Social Sciences: Documenting Sources Online from Diane Hacker’s A Writers Reference
• From: Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources. Chapter 6. APA
• For Business students: University of Washington Bothell Campus: Citing Online Sources Using APA Format.

MLA
Author / Editor. “Title of Homepage.” Publication date, Publisher. Date of access<URL>

Avery, Susan and Jennifer Masciadrelli. Peep Research: A study of small
	fluffy creatures and library usage. April 2003. Office of Fluffy Research, Staley Library, Millikin University. June 2003. http://www.millikin.edu/staley/fluff/peep_research.html

For more information:

• MLA Style
• From: Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources. Chapter 5. MLA

CHICAGO
Author's Last Name, First Name < author's internet address, if appropriate >. "Title of Work" < internet address >. Date, if available

Avery, Susan and Jennifer Masciadrelli. Peep Research: A study of small
	fluffy creatures and library usage. <http://www.millikin.edu/staley/fluff/peep_research.html> 20 June 2003

TURABIAN
Author, Title in Italics [format and medium] (Place: Publisher, publication date, access date ); available from http:// followed by URL; Internet.

Avery, Susan and Jennifer Masciadrelli. [on-line] Peep Research: A study of
	small fluffy creatures and library usage.(Decatur, Il: Office of Fluffy Research, Staley Library, Millikin University, April 2003, accessed 20 June 2003. <http://www.millikin.edu/staley/fluff/peep_research.html>. Internet

For more information:

• Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources, Chapter 7
• St. Norbert College Library - Citing the Internet and Electronic Information: Chicago & Turabian Citation Styles

How do you cite a source from a library database?

APA

Author. (Publication date). Article title. Magazine title , [page numbers if available]. Retrieved [month, day, year] from [source] database (name of database)

Example: Banoff, S. I. (1994, June). Turkeys and chickens fear IRS audits. Journal of Taxation, p.380. Retrieved June 20, 2003. [online] from Proquest Research Library

Note: if your citation is from an EBSCOhost database, Ebsco is in upper case and host is in lower case.

For more information:

• APA Style | Electronic References
• Click the Help button on the databases for citing help.
  

MLA

Author’s last name, first name. “Title of Work.” Title of source and publication date: page numbers. Source. Database Name. Publishers. date researcher visited site. <electronic address or URL of the source>.

Example: Banoff, Sheldon I. “Turkeys and Chickens fear IRS Audits.” Journal of Taxation June 1994: 380. Online. Proquest Research Library Complete. 20 June 2003. <http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb>

Note: if your citation is from an EBSCOhost, Ebsco is in upper case and host is in lower case.

For more information:

• MLA Style
• Click on the HELP icon to find out how to cite in Academic Search Premier or Business Source Complete, Lexis Nexis Academic

CHICAGO

Bibliography:

Author. “Article title.” Original source of article, date of original source, page numbers. Product article is available on, URL of specific article (location of site publisher, publisher, date of visit to site.

Example: Banoff, Sheldon I. “Turkeys and Chickens fear IRS Audits.” Journal of Taxation June 1994: 380. [database online]. Proquest Research Library Complete. <http: www. Proquest.umi.com> [ 20 June 2003].

Footnotes:

Number of footnote. Author, “Article title,” Magazine or newspaper title, publication date, page numbers, database the article is available on; URL of specific article, date of visit to site.

Example: 3.Sheldon I. Banoff. “Turkeys and Chickens fear IRS Audits.” Journal of Taxation June 1994: 380. [database online].Available from: Proquest Research Library Complete. <http: www. Proquest.umi.com> [ 20 June 2003].

Note: Note: if your citation is from an EBSCOhost, Ebsco is in upper case and host is in lower case. And if you use a FirstSearch database, indicate the database, e.g.: CINAHL and then FirstSearch.

For more information:

• UA Library: Citation Guide, Chicago Manual of Style
• UW-Madison Writing Center
  

TURABIAN

Bibliography:

Author. “Article title.”Magazine or journal title, publication date, page numbers. Database the article is available on; URL, date of visit to site).

Example: Banoff, Sheldon I. “Turkeys and Chickens fear IRS Audits.” Journal of Taxation June 1994: 380. [database online].Available from: Proquest Research Library Complete. <http: www. Proquest.umi.com> [ 20 June 2003].

Footnote:

Number of footnote. Author, “Article title,” Magazine or newspaper title, publication date, page numbers, database the article is available on; URL of specific article, date of visit to site.

Example: 3.Sheldon I. Banoff. “Turkeys and Chickens fear IRS Audits.” Journal of Taxation June 1994: 380. [database online].Available from: Proquest Research Library Complete. <http: www. Proquest.umi.com> [ 20 June 2003].

Note: if your citation is from an EBSCOhost, Ebsco is in upper case and host is in lower case.

For more information:

• UW-Madison Writing Center

How do you cite in specific fields?

Bibliographies, Footnotes, Endnotes and References

Bibliography. Cites works for additional reading or background reading in addition to cited works in text. Can have notes. Format is not used in APA

Reference List. APA style. Includes only those works which were cited in the text. Alphabetical listing. Author’s name is abbreviated, initials are given instead of the first name. The date follows. Source information in included in the citation, as well as the page numbers. For an internet source, add the retrieval date and the URL.

Endnotes. Appear at the end of the research paper on a separate page. Works are numbered and are listed sequentially to match their placement in the text.

Footnotes. Appear at the bottom of page where the work is cited. Start footnotes four lines below the text.

Works Cited. Used in MLA format. Similar to the APA reference list. Includes only those works cites in the text. It appears on its own page at the end of the research paper. List works alphabetically by author (full name); title, source, date and give the page numbers of the work cited in the text. For internet sources, MLA recommends adding the access date and putting the URL in <>, e.g.<http://www.seattleu.edu/lemlib>

What is an annotated bibliography?
Annotated bibliographies tell more about the work you are citing. An annotation can both describe and evaluate a source.

Annotated Bibliographies

• Cornell University Guide on How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography.
• University of Minnesota
• Annotated Bibliographies- University of Washington Bothell Campus